Developmental programming of mitochondrial biology: a conceptual framework and review.

Research on the mechanisms underlying the phenomena of health and disease development programming has focused mainly on the process that is specific to the type of cells, organs and the phenotype of interest. However, the observation that exposure to suboptimal or adverse developmental conditions simultaneously affect phenotypes indicate that this exposure might also give effect through cellular mechanisms are common, or shared, whole cells and tissues have different kinds. In this context that we focus on cellular bioenergetics and proposes that mitochondria, bioenergy and signaling organelles, may be a cellular target key underlying development programming.

In this review, we discuss empirical findings in animals and humans indicate that the structural and functional features prime of mitochondrial biology exhibit developmental plasticity, and is influenced by the path the same physiological involved in susceptibility to disorders of age-related complex, general, and that the target this programming mitochondrial development shows stability while the long term. We conclude by articulating the current knowledge gaps and suggests future research directions to bridge that gap.


While metabolism originally thought to play a passive role in cell biology to generate ATP to meet the demands of bioenergy, recent studies have identified a critical role for the metabolism in the new biomass generation and supply of the substrate required for epigenetic modification of histones and DNA. It details a review of how the metabolites produced by glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle utilized by somatic stem cells to support cell proliferation and commitment descent. Importantly, we also discussed the growing hypothesis that histones can act as a reservoir of energy during times of stress energy. Finally, we discuss how to integrate cell metabolism both extrinsic cues and intrinsic metabolic machinery to regulate cell fate.

 Developmental programming of mitochondrial biology: a conceptual framework and review.
Developmental programming of mitochondrial biology: a conceptual framework and review.

Triggering influenza and immune responses: Implications for reprogramming metabolism during influenza infection and immunometabolism.

Recent studies support the idea that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation rheostats in immune cells that bioenergetics have functional outputs in terms of their biology. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors specific molecular molecule serves as a potentiometer to adjust and control the power output of the glycolytic for breathing.

In many cases, this potentiometers used by influenza virus and immune cells to support the pathogenesis and host immune responses, respectively. Influenza viruses infect the respiratory tract, providing specific environmental niches, while immune cells locate the variable nutrient concentrations as they migrate in response to infection. a subset of immune cells have different metabolic program that adapts to meet the requirements of energetic and biosynthetic support effector functions, differentiation, and longevity in a constantly changing their microenvironments.

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Urine)

K1240-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Urine)

K1240-2 each
EUR 483.6

ExoPure? Mini Chromatography Columns

K1247-10 each
EUR 874.8

ExoPure? Mini Chromatography Columns

K1247-20 each
EUR 1214.4

ExoPure? Maxi Chromatography Columns

K1248-3 each
EUR 1104

ExoPure? Maxi Chromatography Columns

K1248-6 each
EUR 1690.8

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Cell Media)

K1237-10 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Cell Media)

K1237-2 each
EUR 470.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Bio Fluids)

K1241-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Bio Fluids)

K1241-2 each
EUR 483.6

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Serum, Plasma)

K1238-10 each
EUR 836.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Serum, Plasma)

K1238-2 each
EUR 470.4

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Stem Cell Media)

K1239-10 each
EUR 901.2

ExoPure? Isolation Kit   (Stem Cell Media)

K1239-2 each
EUR 510

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, urine)

M1003-25 each
EUR 992.4

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, urine)

M1003-50 each
EUR 1083.6

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media)

M1002-25 each
EUR 992.4

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media)

M1002-50 each
EUR 1083.6

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, biological fluids)

M1001-10 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, biological fluids)

M1001-20 each
EUR 1260

ExoPure? Reagent (Overall Exosome Isolation, biological fluids)

M1001-5 each
EUR 633.6

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, serum, colorimetric assay)

M1007-100-T each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, serum, luminometric assay)

M1008-100-W each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, serum, fluorimetric assay)

M1009-100-B each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, colorimetric assay)

M1010-100-T each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, luminometric assay)

M1011-100-W each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, fluorimetric assay)

M1012-100-B each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, colorimetric assay)

M1013-100-T each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, luminometric assay)

M1014-100-W each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, saliva, fluorimetric assay)

M1015-100-B each
EUR 888

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum)

M1038-10 each
EUR 1005.6

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum)

M1038-20 each
EUR 1546.8

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum)

M1038-3 each
EUR 523.2

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum)

M1038-5 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, colorimetric assay)

M1004-100-T each
EUR 1136.4

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, luminometric assay)

M1005-100-W each
EUR 888

ExoPure? Immunoplates (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, fluorometric assay)

M1006-100-B each
EUR 888

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 10 reactions)

M1030-10 each
EUR 1005.6

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 20 reactions)

M1030-20 each
EUR 1546.8

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 3 reactions)

M1030-3 each
EUR 529.2

ExoPure? 0.4 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 5 reactions)

M1030-5 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 10 reactions)

M1031-10 each
EUR 1005.6

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 20 reactions)

M1031-20 each
EUR 1546.8

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 3 reactions)

M1031-3 each
EUR 523.2

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, cell media, 5 reactions)

M1031-5 each
EUR 796.8

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum, 10 reactions)

M1039-10 each
EUR 1005.6

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum, 20 reactions)

M1039-20 each
EUR 1546.8

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum, 3 reactions)

M1039-3 each
EUR 523.2

ExoPure? 1.0 micron Immunobeads (Overall Exosome Isolation, plasma, urine, serum, 5 reactions)

M1039-5 each
EUR 796.8

Illustra Exoprostar 100 RCN

US78210 EACH
EUR 87.6

Illustra Exoprostar 500 RCN

US78211 EACH
EUR 334.8

Illustra Exoprostar 2000 RCN

US78212 EACH
EUR 1197.6

Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) Antibody

20-abx313705
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) Antibody

abx232909-100ug 100 ug
EUR 661.2

Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) Antibody (HRP)

20-abx313706
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Mouse Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) ELISA Kit

abx389223-96tests 96 tests
EUR 1093.2

Human Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) ELISA Kit

abx387228-96tests 96 tests
EUR 1093.2

Human Exophilin 5 (EXPH5)ELISA Kit

201-12-2684 96 tests
EUR 528
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids.

Human Exophilin- 5, EXPH5 ELISA KIT

ELI-47267h 96 Tests
EUR 988.8

Mouse Exophilin- 5, Exph5 ELISA KIT

ELI-26993m 96 Tests
EUR 1038

Illustra ExoPro S 100 Reactions

US79010 EACH
EUR 80.4

Human Exophilin 5(EXPH5)ELISA Kit

QY-E04934 96T
EUR 433.2

Human Exophilin 5 (EXPH5)ELISA Kit

YLA3324HU-48T 48T
EUR 435

Human Exophilin 5 (EXPH5)ELISA Kit

YLA3324HU-96T 96T
EUR 562.5

Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) Antibody (FITC)

20-abx313707
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Exophilin 5 (EXPH5) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx313708
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Exph5 ELISA Kit| Mouse Exophilin-5 ELISA Kit

EF014853 96 Tests
EUR 826.8

Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1) Antibody

20-abx300871
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1) Antibody (HRP)

20-abx300912
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1) Antibody (FITC)

20-abx300913
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Escherichia coli O6:H1 Exopolyphosphatase (ppx)

1-CSB-EP360285EGX
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Escherichia coli O6:H1 Exopolyphosphatase(ppx) expressed in E.coli

Escherichia coli Exopolyphosphatase (ppx)

1-CSB-EP365319ENV
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Escherichia coli Exopolyphosphatase(ppx) expressed in E.coli

Escherichia coli O6:H1 Exopolyphosphatase (ppx)

1-CSB-YP360285EGX
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Escherichia coli O6:H1 Exopolyphosphatase(ppx) expressed in Yeast

Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx300914
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Prune Exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) Antibody

20-abx334087
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Prune Exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) Antibody (HRP)

20-abx337306
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Prune Exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) Antibody (FITC)

20-abx337307
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Prune Exopolyphosphatase 1 (PRUNE1) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx337308
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1)

1-CSB-EP334459SVG
  • EUR 733.20
  • EUR 370.80
  • EUR 2192.40
  • EUR 1126.80
  • EUR 1461.60
  • EUR 476.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase(PPX1) expressed in E.coli

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase (PPX1)

1-CSB-YP334459SVG
  • EUR 814.80
  • EUR 402.00
  • EUR 2606.40
  • EUR 1261.20
  • EUR 1730.40
  • EUR 522.00
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase(PPX1) expressed in Yeast

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-10ug

QP7336-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 391.2

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-1mg

QP7336-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 2763.6

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-50ug

QP7336-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 522

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-10ug

QP7169-ec-10ug 10ug
EUR 391.2

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-1mg

QP7169-ec-1mg 1mg
EUR 2763.6

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-50ug

QP7169-ec-50ug 50ug
EUR 522

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-100ug

QP7336-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 848.4

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-200ug

QP7336-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 1338

Recombinant E.coli Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His-SUMO, E.coli-500ug

QP7336-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1816.8

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-100ug

QP7169-ec-100ug 100ug
EUR 848.4

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-200ug

QP7169-ec-200ug 200ug
EUR 1338

Recombinant S. cerevisiae Exopolyphosphatase Protein, His, E.coli-500ug

QP7169-ec-500ug 500ug
EUR 1816.8

Exo70 (Exo70) Antibody

abx232892-100ug 100 ug
EUR 577.2

Exo I 10 U Ul 5000 Units

E70073X EACH
EUR 672

Exo70 Antibody

DF12988 100ul
EUR 280
Description: Human,Mouse,Rat

Exo70 antibody

E39-02892 100ug/100ul
EUR 225
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Exo70 Antibody

DF12988-100ul 100ul
EUR 280

Exo70 Antibody

DF12988-200ul 200ul
EUR 350

Exo70 ELISA KIT|Human

EF009471 96 Tests
EUR 826.8

anti- Exo70 antibody

FNab02892 100µg
EUR 606.3
Description: Antibody raised against Exo70

Exonuclease V / EXO5 / DEM1

F54546-0.08ML 0.08 ml
EUR 140.25
Description: Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) bidirectional exonuclease involved in DNA repair. [UniProt]

Exonuclease V / EXO5 / DEM1

F54546-0.4ML 0.4 ml
EUR 322.15
Description: Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) bidirectional exonuclease involved in DNA repair. [UniProt]

Exo1

B6876-10 10 mg
EUR 150
Description: IC50: about 20 ?M for exocytosisExo1 is a chemical inhibitor of the exocytic pathway.

Exo1

B6876-100 100 mg
EUR 619.2
Description: IC50: about 20 ?M for exocytosisExo1 is a chemical inhibitor of the exocytic pathway.

Exo1

B6876-5.1 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO)
EUR 158.4
Description: IC50: about 20 ?M for exocytosisExo1 is a chemical inhibitor of the exocytic pathway.

Exo1

B6876-50 50 mg
EUR 385.2
Description: IC50: about 20 ?M for exocytosisExo1 is a chemical inhibitor of the exocytic pathway.

Exo1

HY-112670 50mg
EUR 308.4

Exo70 Blocking Peptide

DF12988-BP 1mg
EUR 234

Human Exonuclease V (EXO5)

1-CSB-EP863995HU
  • EUR 456.00
  • EUR 256.80
  • EUR 1570.80
  • EUR 672.00
  • EUR 1047.60
  • EUR 314.40
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Human Exonuclease V(EXO5) expressed in E.coli

Tau Peptide (45-73) (Exon 2/Insert 1 Domain)

H-7804.1000 1.0mg
EUR 205.2
Description: Sum Formula: C120H189N31O57; CAS# [2022956-54-1] net

Tau Peptide (74-102) (Exon 3/Insert 2 Domain)

H-7806.0500 0.5mg
EUR 135.6
Description: Sum Formula: C124H198N34O46; CAS# [1322695-34-0] net

Tau Peptide (74-102) (Exon 3/Insert 2 Domain)

H-7806.1000 1.0mg
EUR 205.2
Description: Sum Formula: C124H198N34O46; CAS# [1322695-34-0] net

Tau Peptide (45-73) (Exon 2/Insert 1 Domain)

H-7804.0500 0.5mg
EUR 135.6
Description: Sum Formula: C120H189N31O57; CAS# [2022956-54-1] net

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

abx232891-100ug 100 ug
EUR 661.2

Rat Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Protein

20-abx168983
  • EUR 844.80
  • EUR 343.20
  • EUR 2581.20
  • EUR 994.80
  • EUR 594.00
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx325683
  • EUR 376.80
  • EUR 292.80
  • 100 ug
  • 50 ug

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx112408
  • EUR 878.40
  • EUR 477.60
  • 150 ul
  • 50 ul

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

abx031761-400ul 400 ul
EUR 627.6

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

abx031761-80l 80 µl
EUR 343.2

Exonuclease V (EXO5) Antibody

abx025735-400ul 400 ul
EUR 627.6

Exonuclease V (EXO5) Antibody

abx025735-80l 80 µl
EUR 343.2

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx131142
  • EUR 543.60
  • EUR 159.60
  • EUR 1562.40
  • EUR 744.00
  • EUR 410.40
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx131143
  • EUR 526.80
  • EUR 159.60
  • EUR 1479.60
  • EUR 710.40
  • EUR 393.60
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx131144
  • EUR 510.00
  • EUR 159.60
  • EUR 1446.00
  • EUR 693.60
  • EUR 393.60
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

abx432667-200ul 200 ul
EUR 460.8

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx005613
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 710.40
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 376.80
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul

Exonuclease V (EXO5) Antibody

20-abx005938
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 710.40
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 376.80
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 20 ul
  • 50 ul

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx008448
  • EUR 360.00
  • EUR 526.80
  • EUR 226.80
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 30 ul

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx005220
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 710.40
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul

Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) Antibody

20-abx303777
  • EUR 493.20
  • EUR 2214.00
  • EUR 718.80
  • EUR 218.40
  • EUR 360.00
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

EXO1 Antibody / Exonuclease 1

RQ7285 100ug
EUR 419

Exonuclease 1 Antibody / EXO1

RQ5576 100 ug
EUR 356.15
Description: Exonuclease 1is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EXO1 gene. It is mapped to 1q43. This gene encodes a protein with 5' to 3' exonuclease activity as well as an RNase H activity. It is similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Exo1 which interacts with Msh2 and which is involved in mismatch repair and recombination. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms.

Mouse Exonuclease 1 (EXO1) ELISA Kit

abx389219-96tests 96 tests
EUR 1093.2

It details a review of how influenza coopts reprogramming host cells for metabolism and explain this overlap in the regulatory control immune cell function and fate are determined by metabolism. These details contextualize the emerging evidence of the consequences of influenza caused changes in metabolic homeostasis in disease progression. redox reactions control the basic processes of human biology. Therefore, it is safe to assume that the response and adaptation to exercise is, at least in part, mediated by the redox reaction.